Sources
1 Estate of Spruill v. Commissioner (Tax Ct. 1987).
2 Helvering v. Gregory, 69 F.2d 809, 810 (2nd Cir, 1934), aff’d 293 U.S. 465 (1935).
3 Nanette Byrnes & Louis Lavelle, The Corporate Tax Game: How Blue-Chip Companies Are Paying Less and Less of the Nation’s Tax Bill (March 31, 2003), available at http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/03_13/b3826058.htm.
4 Id.
5 Id.
6 Internal Revenue Service, Types of Fraudulent Activities - General Tax Fraud, available at
http://www.irs.gov/compliance/enforcement/article/0,,id=106785,00.html
7 Andrzej Zwaniecki, U.S. Vows to Get Tough on Corporate Tax Dodgers (Apr. 7, 2004), available at http://usinfo.state.gov/ei/Archive/2004/Apr/14-244076.html.
8 Internal Revenue Service, What Is Corporate Fraud?, available at http://www.irs.gov/compliance/enforcement/article/0,,id=121468,00.html
9John Christensen, Tax Justice Network, Tax Distortions, Fiscal Dumping and Tax Fraud (Nov. 14, 2003), available at http://www.taxjustice.net/cms/upload/pdf/e_141103_seminar_notes.pdf
10 Public Citizen, “Corporate Fraud and Abuse Taxes” Cost the Public Billions (2002), available at http://www.citizen.org/documents/corporateabusetax.pdf. 11 Internal Revenue Service, Related Statutes and Penalties, available at http://www.irs.gov/compliance/enforcement/article/0,,id=106790,00.html
12 Corporate Fraud Task Force’s First Year Report to the President, 2.6 (2003), available at http://www.usdoj.gov/dag/cftf/first_year_report.pdf.
13 Internal Revenue Service, Why Is IRS Involved in Corporate Fraud?, available at http://www.irs.gov/compliance/enforcement/article/0,,id=121469,00.html
14 Andrzej Zwaniecki, U.S. Vows to Get Tough on Corporate Tax Dodgers (Apr. 7, 2004), available at http://usinfo.state.gov/ei/Archive/2004/Apr/14-244076.html.
15 Corporate Fraud Task Force’s First Year Report to the President, 3.6 (2003), available at http://www.usdoj.gov/dag/cftf/first_year_report.pdf.
16 Internal Revenue Service, Examination Guide - Abusive Tax Shelters and Transactions, available at http://www.irs.gov/businesses/corporations/article/0,,id=97384,00.html
17 Internal Revenue Service, Regulations on Abuse Tax Shelters and Transactions, available at http://www.irs.gov/businesses/corporations/article/0,,id=120671,00.html.
18 Id.
19 Sandra Block, USA TODAY, ‘Son of Boss’ Investors Are Urged to Turn Selves in to IRS (May 5, 2004), available at http://www.usatoday.com/money/perfi/taxes/2004-05-05-irs-shelter-amnesty_x.htm.
20 Internal Revenue Service, Son of Boss Settlement Initiative, available at http://www.irs.gov/newsroom/article/0,,id=123058,00.html
21 Internal Revenue Service, Strong Response to b/f Son, available at
http://www.irs.gov/newsroom/article/0,,id=124937,00.html